UPSC Geography 09 - Rocks

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UPSC Geography 09 - Rocks

Rock Classification

• Igneous Rock (formed from magma & lava)
• Sedimentary Rock
• Metamorphic Rock (pressure & Temperature)
• Organic-chalk

Igneous Rock

• Plutonic- very great depth-crystal
• Intrensive - solidifies inside surface from magma, low metals HMP, Granite, acidic, less dense- Continental Crust (SIAL, falsic)
• Extensive- solidifies inside surface from lava, high metals, LMP, basalt, basic, dense, Oceans (SIMA, Mafic)

Sedimentary Rocks

• Clastic- transported

1. Sandstone 
2. shale

• Non Clastic- precipitate

1. Chert (Siliceous)
2. Dolomite (magnesium

Metamorphic Rock

• Contact (with Lava)

1. Foliated- layered
2. Non Foliated

• Non Contact - (pressure & temperature- Regional)

1. Slate
2. marble

Organic Rock

• Skeletal Limestone-Chalk (coral, algae, snails)
• Oolitic Limestone- Small grains of calcium carbonate
• Microcrystalline Limestone- Quiet waters where calcium carbonate precipitated by algae

Theories of Rock Formation

Werner

• Neptunism (precipitation): 
• Neptunism states that the Earth was once completely covered by an ocean. Then, as this ocean receded, all of the rocks observable at Earth’s surface were precipitated out of the ocean in a definite order to form the current landscape. 

Catastrophism

• Catastrophism was the theory that the Earth had largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope

Hutton

• Plutonism (or volcanism) is the geologic theory that the igneous rocks forming the Earth originated from intrusive magmatic activity

Weathering

Types of Weathering

• Physical

1. Exfoliation (pressure release)
2. Hydraulic (air + water)
3. Haloclasty (Saline)

• Chemical

1. Oxidation
2. Carbonation -water + co2 to form carbonic acid

• Biological

Terms

• Erosion - carried by wind
• Weathering just division of rocks into small pieces
• Angle of repose
• Toppers
• Boulders field
• Sheeting
• Connate water (water in rocks)
• Aquifer- Water containing rocks
• Aquicludes- No water
• Perched water table
• Artesian well

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