UPSC Geography 11 - Mega Relief of Second Order (Mountain, Plateau, canyons, Islands, Trenches, Ridges)

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UPSC Geography 11 - Mega Relief of Second Order (Mountain, Plateau, canyons, Islands, Trenches, Ridges)

Theories of Formation

Plate Tectonic Theory

• Plates Collision or Diversion
• Oceanic Crust (thinner & Denser) always Subduct under Continental crust
• Eurasian Plate- slowest
• Cocoa plate - fastest
• Scotia plate - Argentina
• Nacaza - South America
• Seafloor spreading- Mid oceanic divergent boundary- youngest

Continental Drift Theory

• By Alfred wegener
• Once one then breaks apart & flow away
• Evidence from Rocks, Glaciation & Flora / Fauna (Glossopteris & cynognathus)
• Pangea -Paleo-tethys ocean
• Breaks into Lauretia & gondwanaland, Neo tethys ocean
• Cimmerian super terrain-rifted from Gondwana in the Southern Hemisphere 

Mountains

• Orogenic Activities- vertical movement
• Everest > K2> Nanga Parbat
• Atlas
• Fold mountain
• Block Mountain
• Anticlines is inverted U fold
• Ridge (|), range (|||), chain(|\|\|\), group (same period-unsystematic), system (different period)

Plateau

• Intermontane- Between two mountains
• Erosional -Soft rock often erodes away on the top of a plateau
• Volcanic - volcanic eruptions that slowly build up over time, forming a plateau from the resulting lava flows
• dissected plateau forms as a result of upward movement in the Earth's crust

Island

• Australia (largest) 
• Greenland
• new guinea
• Borneo

Oceanic Ridges (Mountains)

• Dolphin & challenger - Atlantic
• Aden Ridge
• Explorer - vancouver
• Gorda- California
• Juan de falta - Washington state
• Gakkel - slowest - Arctic
• Carlsberg - Indian ocean

Oceanic Trench

• Challenger Deep - Mariana Trench
• Sandwich trench- Southern Ocean

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